LOFTER-网易轻博

餐桌上，不仅一种食材能变化多端，食物取材之广也令人咋舌。不同地域的人们就地取材、因地制宜，在极富想象与灵感的转化下，奉献出味觉珍品。从北至南，从东到西，中国的地理、气候差异极大，因而饮食风格迥异。通常来讲，人们依据地域，以烹饪方式、味道喜好的不同笼统划分菜系，广为接受的就是川、鲁、湘、粤、浙、苏、闽、徽八大菜系。简单说，川菜偏辣、鲁菜清淡，苏菜细腻，粤菜本色等等，但这样笼统的概括显然难以服众，绝大多数中国人也很难说清八大菜系的异与同。事实上，即使相邻的两个城市也各有特色美食，口味不一，八大菜系显然小瞧了中国美食的博大与广阔。

Besides the diversity of cooking methods for food, the wide range of food ingredients is also astonishing. People from different districts use local products to create delicacies to meet local people's need through imaginative and inspirational transformation. From North to South, from East to West, the profound distinction in geography and climate contributes to the diversity of dietary habits. Generally, the culinary methods and preference for certain taste are yardsticks to roughly categorize Chinese cuisines. A well-received outcome include 8 great cuisines:Sichuan cuisine,Shandong cuisine, Hunan cuisine, Cantonese/Guangdong cuisine,Zhejiang cuisine, Jiangsu cuisine, Fujian cuisine and Anhui cuisine. In simple terms, Sichuan cuisine is spicy and hot, Shandong cuisine, mild, Jiangsu cuisine,exquisite,Cantonese cuisine, lightly seasoned etc. However, this rough summary isn't acknowledged by everyone and most Chinese people are unable to pin out the differences and similarities between the eight great cuisines. Actually, even two bordering cities have their own specialties and tastes. The division of 8 great cuisines is incapable to cover the rich content of Chinese food. 

所谓一方水土养一方人，湖南的辣妹子性格爽快、脾气火爆，江南的美女，明眸皓齿、温婉而笑，山东的汉子古朴拙实、……而实际上，正如西方的一句谚语：你吃什么，决定了你是什么样的人，水土不同，饮食风俗迥异，潜移默化地塑造着当地人的性格基因，而不同性格又反过来影响着人们的吃食喜好。

As the saying goes, human beings are shaped by the land around them.  Girls form Hunan province are forthright and hot-tempered, their counterpart in the South of Yangtze River1 with bright eyes and shiny teeth bear smiles all the time. Males from Shandong province are kind and strong. As the western proverb says, what we eat determines what kind of people we are. The various geographic conditions and dietary traditions shape local people's characters invisibly. The distinct characters then influence their eating habits in reverse. 

“中华牌楼”可以称得上是海外唐人街最具标志性的建筑，其多建于宫苑、寺观、祠堂、街道路口等地，常被称为“文化迎宾门”。有牌楼的地方，总有唐人街形影相随。走进旧金山唐人街，街上的建筑物顶端、街灯和电话亭都状如宝塔，勾画出典型的中国氛围。 

Pailou,a traditional style of Chinese architectural arch or gateway structure, is no doubt the symbolic architecture of China Towns overseas. Mostly built in palaces, before Buddhist and Daoist temples, ancestral shrines and on the streets, it is regarded as a cultural gateway open to the world. Where this a pailou, there is a China Town. In the China Town in San Francisco, the pagoda-like top of the architectures, the pagoda-shape street lamps and telephone booths all help to picture a typical Chinese scene creating the atmosphere. 

10月4日，美国规划协会公布了2013年十佳社区、十佳街道和十佳公共场所。旧金山中国城在十佳社区中排名首位。据报道，尽管历经1906年大地震等种种问题，中国城始终完好保持其独特文化特质。

 The 2013 ten great neighborhoods,  ten great streets and ten great public spaces recognized by the American Planning Association released on 4th October ranked the China Town ,San Francisco as the top community. Despite the destructive 1906 earthquake and various ordeals, its cultural features has always been well reserved. 

我们说一个姑娘漂亮不漂亮，首先得看她的眼睛漂亮不漂亮。“新汉学计划”是孔子学院的眼睛。孔子学院办得好不好，有没有档次，有没有水平，就看我们这个孔子学院新汉学计划执行得怎么样。这个项目对我们的影响力来说，对我们的可持续发展来说非常关键。这方面我们今年已经取得了不小的进展，但是我们还是要强调，不管是招博士生也好，还是招短期来访的青年领袖也好，都要适合当地的需要。像韩国启明大学申一熙校长就提了很好的意见，就是说开展学术研究也要因地制宜。比如说中医在东亚国家可能比较受欢迎，但是在中亚国家可能反响就比较冷淡，但是音乐、舞蹈在中亚国家就非常容易找到共同点，他们非常愿意同中国交流。我觉得他这个意见是非常对的。所以在新汉学计划方面，我们汉办会更多地尊重我们各个学校、各个国家的意见。

When people appreciate a girl’s countenance, they focus on her eyes-Confucius China Studies Program is the eyes of Confucius Institute. Its implementation reflects the operation status of the latter, good or bad, dynamic or pedantic, mature or immature. It is crucial to the influence and sustainable development of Confucius Institute. It has prospered this year. However, the CCSP should be combined with local’s need in the short-term Young Leaders Fellowship project or Ph.D in China Fellowship one. Dr. Shin Ilhee, the Invitation president of Keimyung University in South Korea offered an excellent suggestion, adjusting academic researches to local conditions. For example,  Chinese traditional medicine is popular among East Asian countries but isn’t well received in  Central Asian countries. Nevertheless, they are interested in music and dance and like to have further communication with China on that. I agree on Dr. Shin’s suggestion completely. Therefore, Confucius Institute Headquarter (Hanban) will take more suggestions into consideration , which are from universities and countries around the world during the CCSP running.

一开始，在教材的编写理念和编写方案上，中外专家就有了明显的分歧。俄罗斯教材专家认为，教材要有普适性，既适用于大学生，也可以适用于中小学生。而中方专家认为，儿童与成年人的心理和生理状况差异明显，应当根据各自学习外语的特点、接受程度等分别编写教材。经过切磋，俄罗斯专家逐渐接受了中国同行的意见。

但意想不到的是，在教材编写册数上同样发生了分歧。中国出版的外语教材通常按照学期计算，一个学期一本教材，学生从心理上可以产生成就感，视觉上获得新鲜感，同时200页左右的教材也便于携带。而俄罗斯专家坚持编写一本供全年使用的教材，以便学生复习。双方争论半天，各抒己见，相持不下。考虑再三，这回是中国专家做出让步：尊重俄罗斯学生的学习习惯，编写两套汉语教材供两个学年使用。

A noticeable divergence appeared in the beginning in compiling principle and scheme between experts from the two countries.The Russian experts emphasized on the universality of the textbook applicable to students in universities, middle schools and primary schools. Taking the physical and mental difference between adults and children into consideration, the Chinese scholars propose a compiling based on the two groups’ separative features and acceptability during the foreign language learning process. The Russian party gradually agreed with its Chinese counterpart after negotiation. Another disagreement arose on binding unexpectedly. Chinese experts inclined to bind a textbook of a portable 200 pages or so for each semester as usual, arguing that  a new textbook offers students novelty at the beginning of a term and sense of achievement at the end of the term.The Russian experts insisted the binding of a book per year for the convenience of reviewing. The two parties couldn’t persuade each other until the Chinese experts compromised themselves by compiling two Chinese textbooks for two academic years to respect the Russian students’ learning habit.

但是谁为普通人民?而普通人民又是怎样一个形象?所谓“中国人民”,在吾人心中,不过为一笼统的抽象观念。撇开文化的统一性不讲——文化是把中国人民结合为一个民族整体之基本要素。南方中国人民在其脾气上、体格上、习惯上,大抵异于北方人民,适如欧洲地中海沿岸居民之异于诺尔曼民族。幸而在中国文化之轨迹内,只有省域观念之存在,而未有种族观念之抬头,因而在专制帝政统治下,赓续数世纪之久,得以相安无事。历史上复遗传下来一种宝贵的普遍法式——文字,它用至为简单的方法,解决了中国语言统一上之困难。中国文化之融和性,因能经数世纪之渐进的安静播植,而同化比较温顺之土著民族。这替中国建立下“四海之内皆兄弟也”的友爱精神,虽欧洲今日犹求之而不得者。就是口说的语言所显现之困难,亦不如今日欧洲分歧错杂之甚。一个欧洲籍人倘旅经西南边境如云南者,虽略费麻烦,仍可使其意思表达而为人所懂,语言的技巧在中国使其拓植事业逐渐扩展,其大部盖获助于书写之文字,此乃中国统一之显见的标识。

（But）Who are  ordinary  Chinese people? What do they look like? "Chinese people" is mere an abstraction in our minds/for us. Culture is the basic element that unites we Chinese people together, but besides that people from the Southern China are different from that/their counterpart in the North in the temperament, figure/physique, and habits  are much different from the people of the North, just like the residents of the Mediterranean coast of Europe. Fortunately,  as there is only separation of the province, but not the ethnic in the development of Chinese culture, Chinese people of various regions  could live in peace with each other for centuries under the rule of autocratic monarchy. The valuable universal law, the inherited Chinese characters solve the difficulty of the unification of Chinese language in a unsophisticated manner. With this tool and the  inclusive feature, Chinese culture assimilated resigned and less advanced nations as a result of (gradual and) imperceptible spread lasting for centuries. This integration fosters a hospitable China, ("all men are brothers," )what  the Europe still lacks today. Admittedly, there is gap between Chinese dialects but languages in the Europe are much more complicated and diversified.  For example, an European traveller can be understood in the Southwest border area of China like Yunnan province after some efforts. Because of the writing text, information and cultural courses get distributed. It's fair to say the unifomed writing system is an obvious sign of China's unification. 

Most men indeed as well as most sects in Religion, think themselves in possession of all truth, and that wherever others differ from them it is so far error. Steele ，a Protestant in a Dedication tells the Pope, that the only difference between our Churches in their opinions of the certainty of their doctrines is, the Church of Rome is infallible and the Church of England is never in the wrong. But though many private persons think almost as highly of their own infallibility as of that of their sect, few express it so naturally as a certain french lady, who in a dispute with her sister, said, "I don't know how it happens, Sister but I meet with no body but myself, that's always in the right -不同宗教派别都是“以我为尊”，狭隘自大的，看不起“非我族类”，而大多数人也是如此，都会敝帚自珍、一叶障目。 一位名叫斯蒂尔的新教徒曾对教皇说，新教和天主教教义的唯一区别是，天主教奉罗马教会为圭臬，而新教认为自己才是标杆。 教徒们总是笃信自己的教派，每个人也总觉得自己不会出错，但只有孩子才能自然地表露这种自信。若是与姐姐争吵了，一个法国小女孩会说：“不知道为什么我无法接受你的观点，可能因为我总是独处，所以我总觉得自己是对的。”

中国人一生会有好多名字。满月过后，人们就会给婴儿取个乳名，这个乳名只有家庭成员、亲朋好友能用，名字由(家里的)长辈或有文化的朋友给取。

Chinese people may have many names in their lives. They will be given a nickname after they are one month old, which is used by family members, relatives and close friends. In terms of the full name, usually the elder people in the family or well educated friend will have the privilege to decide. 

男孩的名字反映了父母的愿望，希望他健康、长寿、宝贵、有才、有德、勤勉、孝顺、爱国、聪明。

女孩的名字一般与奇异的花儿、可爱的鸟儿、动听的乐器、发光的珠宝等有关。女孩名字有时根据女性特有的特点，例如美丽、文静、节俭、纯洁。但是有些农村家庭的女孩子一般没有起名字，依据年龄叫：大妹、二妹、三妹等。

Names for boys show parents’ wishes( for him), including health, longevity, preciousness, talent, morality, diligence, intelligence, love for parents and his country.

They hope sons to be intelligent, diligent and healthy and so on.

Girls’ names relate to gorgeous flowers, birds, instruments and jewelry. Some are named with female feminine characteristics/virtues, such as beauty, quietness and innocence while there are some rural sisters without formal names. Instead, they are called Damei( the oldest girl), Ermei(the second oldest girl) and Sanmei(the third oldest) following their ages.

另一种起名字的方式与星宿和五行有关，名字是要由算命先生起的，算命先生会根据孩子出生的年月和星宿为孩子起名，看孩子是否缺星宿和五星里任意一种东西：金木水火土。如果缺哪一种，就在名字里包含一个与之有关的字，使他完整。例如，如果孩子缺水，名字里就有例如江海湖等字。

Names given by a fortune teller hold a relationship with stars and Wuxing (5 elements, metal, wood, water, fire, earth)in traditional Chinese culture. Given the birth year, month, constellation of the child, he will complete his or her Wuxing, naming them with a character representing their inadequate element among the 5. For example,children lack water may have Jiang(river), Hai(ocean),hu(lake) in their names.

The trying twenties confronts us with the question of how to take hold in the adult world. Incandescent with our energies having outgrown the family and the formlessness of our transiting years, we are impatient to pour ourselves in the exactly right form—our own way of living in the world. Or while looking for it, we want to try out some provisional form. For now we are not only trying to prove ourselves competent in the larger society but intensely aware of being on trial.

20多岁的年轻人遭受着考验，他们问我们如何能在成年世界立足。我们精力旺盛，不愿听从家庭安排，也不愿将就，一心想做自己认为正确的事——用自己的方式生活。但在寻找自己理想的过程中，我们也愿意暂时尝试其他的可能性，不是单纯为了证明自己工作后的能力，也是因为我们深知自己正经受考验。

Graduate student is a safe and familiar form for those who can afford it. Working toward a degree is something young people already know how to do. It postpones having to prove oneself in the bigger, bullying arena. Very few Americans had such a privilege before World War II; they reached the jumping-off point by the tender age of 16 or 18 or20 and had to make their move ready or not. But today, a quarter of a century is often spend before an individual is expected or expects himself to fix his life’s course. Or more. Given the permissiveness to experiment, the prolonged schooling available, and the moratoria allowed, it is not unusual for an adventurer to be nearly 30 before firmly setting a course.

年轻人知道怎样读书才能获得学位，所以对能负担读研成本的人来说，读研没有风险，只要亦步亦趋就行。读研就可以延迟参加工作的时间，与象牙塔相比，社会是更大、竞争更激烈的舞台。二战之前，只有少数美国人才能读研；大多数人16、18或20时，虽然懵懂，但已经需要进入社会，做出人生选择了。如今，很多人人生的前25年甚至更多的时间都用在了读书上。鉴于人们现在可以接受更长年限的教育和游戏人生的态度，30岁才开始工作也并不罕见。

冰糖葫芦是中国传统美食，由山楂作主料蘸上熬好的冰糖，酸甜冰爽。圆溜溜的红山楂一颗颗串在竹签上，象征幸福和团圆。传统的冰糖葫芦只用山楂作原料，但如今冰糖葫芦品种既多又新颖，人们喜欢的任何水果、甚至蔬菜，都可以制作。比如：草莓、橘子、葡萄、猕猴桃、山药、小西红柿等。本期工坊将教您制作冬日美食冰糖葫芦，如果您身边还有其他蔬果食材，都可以同理制作哦，一起试试吧！

Tanghulu(sugar-coated haws on a stick)is a traditional Chinese snack of Crataegus pinnatifida coated in harden syrup. It tastes sweet, sour and refreshing. Round red haws, as their ball shapes symbolize completeness, are pierced and connected on a stick, forming the shape of gourd fruit with the pronunciation hulu in Chinese meaning happiness. In the past, it only uses haws as ingredient. Nowadays, however,it includes many new ingredients: fruits like strawberry,orange,grape and kiwi fruit; even vegetables like Chinese yam and cherry tomato. This time the studio covers how to make the winter snack, Tanghulu. You can use other fruits or vegetables at hand to make it as well. Have a try！