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Breach of Confidence. (非法泄露机密)
神秘主义者 2018-06-07

Breach of Confidence. (非法泄露机密):

个人信息特别是商业机密是受到新西兰法律的民事发保护的。保护办法不单单会按照案例法的赔偿方法得到金钱上面的赔偿,还可以通过平衡法 (equity)的赔偿标准得到相应的法律措施阻止对方利用此机密做任何有损于诉讼方的活动。

最初此案例法出于英国的皇室王子Prince Albert的金属酸蚀版画,它们在工人印刷的时候被偷偷多印一些私下卖给了另外的第三方,而另外的第三方又要对版画开商业展览。

由于第三方不能说出有理由的得到版画的途径,英国高等法院判决第三方不得举办画展,也不能出版对该版画的一切描述的册子等。还制定出一条案例法,就是虽然Prince Albert曾经把其中的一些画展示给了一些亲戚朋友,但是这些版画内容仍然属于隐私。至此,这条法律仍然适用,就是任何秘密机密信息如果只分享给了有限的人,仍然不失其机密的本性。之后又有一些类似的著名案例,特别是叫Coco的案例,是关于研发踏板摩托车的引擎的案子。通过案子中法院的Megarry J法官又制定出了新的条例:就是说任何人如果想Breach of Confidence胜诉,必须要证明该案子满足以下三个条件 (案子中的事实条件 Material facts):

1. The information has“the necessary degree of confidence about it."

2. The information musthave been imparted (communicated) in circumstances importing an obligation ofconfidence; 3. There was anunauthorised use or disclosure of that information to the detriment of theparty communicating it.

1. 信息必须是机密信息,不能是总所周知的公众信息 外加 “任何秘密机密信息如果只分享给了有限的人,仍然不失其机密的本性。”外加了一条是任何从公众信息获取的知识后经过人脑的思考得出的新产物也算是机密。

2. 信息透露给他人的时候,如果该环境下一个有正常头脑的人都能够知道那是机密信息的话,这个人就应该有义务保密 (reasonable person's test)。包括当第三方是在明明知道是不良的途径,还有意获取。

3. 第三方在不得到同意的情况下,不得用该机密信息做任何有损于信息所有者的任何行为。也不可以利用该信息当跳板发明新的东西,除非合理的付费用。

Coco案件中,制造厂商付了提成费给了原始的发明者,所以法官判定制造商可以继续制造。

另外对这个案子的利用是2001年影视明星Douglas的婚礼,OK公司有独一发行照片权,并对外宣布该婚礼为私人婚礼。而另一家公司HELLO非正常手段得到偷拍的婚礼照片。虽然HELLO等到OK刚刚发行后,立刻也发行照片在他自己的杂志上,仍然在OK的诉讼上输了官司。其中一个条件是虽然OK发布了婚礼的照片,但是不等于Douglas的婚礼照片都一下子变成了公众信息,只能说那些被OK发布了的照片信息是公众信息了,那些其它的照片都是Douglas的隐私机密信息。而且HELLO得到照片的手段也是非合理手段(surreptitiously)。但是由于照片拍摄地在纽约,按照美国的法律,任何人有权拍摄。但英国的上诉法院还是判OK败诉,并处以相应的经济赔偿。

新西兰一直采用该Megarry J的判决来裁决新西兰的类似案件。

可以应用的例子有信用卡在消费后被盗用等。

英文对应解释句子:

  •  The information mustbe a ‘secret’. It can be known by one, or two people, or perhaps a small groupof people - even revealed to a few doesn't make it to be public- Prince Albert v Strange UK (High court ofthe chancery)

●       Even the component ofthe product are available in the market, cannot destroy the confidentialitywhich is from human ingenuity.  (Information that has been taken from thepublic domain and brought into being by the application of the skill andingenuity of the human brain is considered to be confidential information--Coco)

  • If the circumstances aresuch that any reasonable man standing in the shoes of the recipient of theinformation would have realised that upon reasonable grounds the informationwas being given to him in confidence, then this should suffice to imposeupon him the equitable obligation of confidence.

  • Lord Hoffman stated that each photo is individual and itself has anconfidence.

  • Often implied and no legal contract is needed, and an obligation of confidence still stands.

  •  If the information isof commercial value and is imparted to another on a business like basis andwith a common objective such as a joint venture or the manufacture of aproperty by one party for the other then it is likely the recipient will beobligated to keep the information confidential. 

  • If partly public and partly private, the recipient must not takeadvantage of the partly private information. 

  • Third Parties: The cause of action also prevents thirdparties, who come into possession of the confidential information incircumstances where they knew or ought to have known the information wasobtained by an earlier breach of confidence, from misusing the information- Prince Albert & Douglas & Hello. 


文章作者:北六条  加群  微信ID: NZ64211638810  (注明  NZ法律)

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