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Intrusion into seclusion： 侵犯他人隐私
To succeed in an action for the tort of intrusion into seclusion, the plaintiff mustestablish four elements which are to be proofed according to Holland:
根据新西兰从2012年的高级法院判决的Holland案子中最新案例法规定，要满足侵犯他人隐私民事诉讼，需要满足以下四个条件：
Intentional and unauthorised intrusion （必须是有意的不经许可的行为）
解释： Affirmativesteps, not unwitting (无意图的) act; 必须是有有意图的计划好的行为. Holland这个案子是另一个房客有意图的在浴室里面安装了摄像机进行偷拍。
- Accidental,careless actions are excluded, as happened in community. 如果无意识的碰巧的,行为不算数。
- Authorizationcan be police search, security guard etc. 警察等机构，或者医生经过授权而查看个人隐私的行为不算。
Into person's seclusion (intimate personal activity, space or affairs) --（侵入个人的私密空间）：If there is a personal space which excludes others to get in, and which is defined by the social norms in the society. 证明是否根据社会的标准有这个私密空间的存在，比如说浴室，厕所，合租房的卧室。If there is a direct impinge on personal automoy, and a citizen has a right to choose what to be known to others. 是否侵犯了他人的自主权，因为个人有权把自己的一些信息作为隐私不告诉其他人。例如：个人的亲密信件，个人的亲密感情关系等。
Involving an infringement of a reasonable expectation of privacy （涉及冒犯合理的个人隐私的维护值的行为。）一方有创建隔离墙的意图，另一方有突破隔离墙的行动。
解释分两方面：1 Reasonable expecation: Reasonable person's test. (合理人物测试）· Reasonable/objectivepers on’s test including the customs and social norms regarding to the situation, such as toilet, changing room, bed room. (whether society would sanction theplaintiff’s expectation of privacy.)--only privacy mattersare protected.
How the plaintiff shows and manifesting his/her expectation for privacy?
A reasonable indication to the defendants the desire and expectation incommunication etc to be private or confined to certain persons.
一个合情合理的人在当下的社会风俗下是否该入侵行为存在，比如说家里的厕所，浴室被合理认为是私人空间；诉讼人是否显示出他对这个私人空间的期望，比如说关上了门窗。还是在公共场所下淋浴。还是特意告诉了其他的房客不能进入自己的卧室，并时刻关上门不让外面看到里面。
2.Infringment: · Whata normal person can see or hear without any aid of technology? The meansof intrusion is relevant to. 如果一般人无法看到邻居家的卧室却用了特殊的望远镜头拍摄对方家中的人物场景，就等于入侵了隐私。或者用探听器探听一般情况下听不到的声音。
That is highly offensive to a reasonable person （行为必须为高度的冒犯行为）：
· the invasion must be sufficiently serious and unwarranted to constitute an egregious breach of social norms. It reflects the reality that a community could not function if every intrusion into a private realm wasactionable.--Causing real hurt and harm. 高度冒犯的定义：必须足够严重和不想要的那种惊人的违反了社会风俗规条的行为。想象如果这种行为经常在社区发生的话，整个社区就没法正常生活了的那种，有造成真正的伤痛和真正伤害的那种。
- Thisrequirement acknowledges the right to seclusion may conflict with other rightsand freedoms and also sets a workable barrier to the unduly（不适当的） sensitive litigant. 因为大家都要在社区中生活难免有摩擦，所以对于那些不适当的敏感事件不会通过法庭解决。
- To determine whether an intrusion is highly offensive a court will consider: the degree of the intrusion and the setting or context (the place, time and method and scope of the surveillance andtechnology etc,) and
the intruder’s motives and objectives (legitimate motives could include:newsgathering, preventing theft, preventing unauthorized \ and inappropriatecomputer use… newsgathering and preventing theft would have less offensiveness.
法庭还会考虑的是侵犯的程度，范围，深度，使用的方法，技术手段，侵犯的目的等。相比来说，如果是为了抓小偷或者新闻采访为目的的拍摄到了诉讼者的一些隐私行为，就要被考虑得轻一些。
Note – there is a public interest defence 如果以上四条都满足了，还要最后考虑是否有民众的知情权。比如说坏人干了坏事，民众有权知道到底做了什么样的坏事，就是该坏事比如说在自己的家里偷偷种植大麻，被别人用科技手段发现了的事，法官断案时会另择考虑。
总之个人隐私侵犯是个新的民事诉讼项目，对其的赔偿可以是金钱上的，还可以外加禁止继续使用隐私情报。 （Money compensation and Supression）
文章作者：北六条 加群 微信ID： NZ64211638810 （注明 NZ法律）
